My own anecdotal experience at 36;
I never stretch before or after exercise, have never so much as twinged a muscle (first cricket training after winter, I'm stiff for days but I'd argue pace bowling puts unique stresses on the body. Thereafter, no stiffness or soreness at all). Ride every day and have done so for, largely, the last 20 years, run every other day 10Km+, always played sports (athletics, cricket, ball sports, martial arts, bit of rugby but not too much contact sport)
Only joint pain comes from if I haven't run in a few weeks. Thereafter, mainly blisters to manage.
Definitely prefer to feel the road when running so don't use the air/padded shoes. Primary concern when buying shoes is, honestly, whether they'll last and the padded shoes, in my experience, fall to bits too quickly. Tennis shoes the most durable (think about the stresses tennis players put on their feet) so used to use them for cricket but I have been trying lighter shoes for a while, as long as they don't affect my gait. Any good running shop will film you on a treadmill and help you decide. Most shoes I buy are in the $100 or less range. Had shin problems at one point but $30 chemist shop orthotics fixed it almost immediately.
I'm a fan of the idea that one does gird your body for the activity you do. I know Muai Thai guys smash their limbs on hard surfaces and the adaptation gets explained (very simplistically) in terms of
Wollf's Law but one should always be sceptical, particularly since recent research is hard to come by. Detailed stuff is aging, such as
this article from 2004 but not much in relation to sports
other than this from last year which, despite the authors claiming no funding or sponsorship, the big logo in the top right corner on page 1 has me wondering. Just to be clear, Wolff's Law as a general 'external loading increases bone density' principle isn't in dispute but how/why/how much/under what circumstances doesn't seem to get much of a look. Some evidence supports that bone mass is added when the body is put under load but disappears rapidly once you stop the exercise. I personally feel stronger/less pain the more running I do but eh, it's open.